Mapping of Clustering, Partners, and Geographic Distribution of Biotech SME Clusters Across the UK: A Case Study

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate which universities spinout biotechnology SMEs, and why some do this successfully while others do not. The research question is: how do institutional, contextual and geographic factors shape biotechnology spinout activity among UK universities? A systematic review was carried out which examined data from the websites of 26 UK universities in 10 geographic regions and 4 industry bodies. To supplement this review a questionnaire was used to evaluate the factors which encourage universities to spinout. The results show that biotechnology spinouts tend to be clustered around certain geographical locations. This clustering activity is not deliberate and exists as a by-product of activity. Interestingly, certain universities with good research backgrounds have been shown to produce little to no biotechnology spinouts. 6 themes were noted as drivers for the creation of biotechnology university spinouts: increased support from universities; funding opportunities; Research Excellence Framework & Knowledge Exchange Framework metric and impact; geographical location of universities; revenue and profit; and push on technology transfer Intellectual Property.

Implications to policy: the geographical advantage of being near a biotechnology cluster is clear. However, by building a solid research base with an international reputation, a supportive Technology Transfer Office, education for academic staff in entrepreneurial attributes and behaviours and engaging with biotechnology accelerators, a university can enhance its spinout success rate even when that university does not have the benefit of geography and a close regional cluster.