Anatomy, pathophysiology and assessment of upper-body lymphoedema

Abstract

This article reviews the lymphatic system's anatomy and physiology, as well as the etiology of lymphoedema affecting the upper limbs, breast and trunk. It presents evidence-based strategies for assessment, including history-taking, physical exams and clinical tests to guide treatment planning. The importance of selecting personalised compression garments is emphasised. Legislative impacts—such as the US 2024 Lymphedema Treatment Act—and global variability in compression therapy funding are explored, along with nuanced approaches to assessment, staging and diagnostic criteria.