Abstract

We conducted two studies using the concentration grid exercise to assess the effects of practice in silence (Study 1) and practice with loud music on the background (Study 2) on performance, attention, core affective states (arousal and pleasantness), and alpha, beta, and theta brain waves. In Study 1, we recruited 12 participants, 6 males and 6 females ( M = 27.50, SD = 8.27). In Study 2, we recruited 12 participants, 6 males and 6 females ( M = 26.36, SD = 6.67). For both Study 1 and Study 2, no significant effects were observed for performance, attention, and core affect. Marginal significant effects were observed for attention and arousal, suggesting loud music was a distraction to at least some participants. Across both studies, the electroencephalogram data revealed significant differences in alpha, beta, and theta power across pre-test and post-test trials. Collectively, these findings support the neural efficiency hypothesis; in that practice leads to a more quiescent brain state in both silent-practice and music distraction conditions. These findings also suggest that the concentration grid exercise can be an appropriate tool for research and practice.