Abstract

This study investigates the challenges and opportunities in the adoption of renewable energy in Nigeria, focusing on economic, political, technological, and social factors. Despite Nigeria’s abundant renewable energy resources, the transition to sustainable energy remains slow, hindered by policy instability, high capital costs, inadequate infrastructure, and regulatory bottlenecks. Furthermore, public skepticism and limited awareness further constrain widespread adoption. This research applies Stakeholder Theory to explore how multi- stakeholder interactions influence the success or failure of renewable energy projects. Through a qualitative case study approach, three key renewable energy projects—the Katsina Wind Farm, the Bayero University Kano (BUK) Hybrid Solar PV Park, and the University of Maiduguri (UNIMAID) Solar Project—are examined to provide a comprehensive understanding of the sector's dynamics. The findings reveal that bureaucratic inefficiencies, governance issues, and technical challenges have contributed to delays in the Katsina Wind Farm. Conversely, the BUK Hybrid Solar PV Park demonstrates how institutional leadership and donor funding can successfully facilitate solar energy expansion. The UNIMAID Solar Project underscores the role of renewable energy in enhancing energy security in conflict-prone regions but also highlights sustainability concerns and security risks. These cases illustrate the complexities of renewable energy implementation in Nigeria and provide insights into the interplay between policy frameworks, financial constraints, technological capacity, and societal engagement.

The study contributes to knowledge by identifying strategic interventions to enhance renewable energy adoption. Key recommendations include the introduction of targeted subsidies and tax incentives to attract private sector investment, the development of capacity-building initiatives to enhance technical expertise, and the strengthening of public-private partnerships to improve project sustainability. Furthermore, the research advocates policy coherence, improved regulatory frameworks, and community engagement strategies to foster social acceptance and encourage grassroots participation in renewable energy initiatives.

Ultimately, this research underscores the necessity for a coordinated, multi-stakeholder approach to accelerate Nigeria’s transition to sustainable energy. By addressing economic, political, technological, and social barriers in a holistic manner, this study provides valuable insights that can inform policy reforms, enhance investment strategies, and promote the long- term integration of renewable energy into Nigeria’s national energy mix.