Abstract

Frangible devices are widely used in eventing cross country fences to reduce the risk of rotational falls, yet limited empirical evidence exists regarding the circumstances under which these devices activate and their relationship with fall outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate factors influencing frangible pin activation during the cross-country phase of eventing and to examine associations between activation, fence characteristics, and horse–rider outcomes.

A retrospective observational study was conducted using video analysis of 500 horse–rider combinations competing at 16 FEI CCI2*–CCI5* events. Horse–fence contacts (n = 1,007) were analysed using notational analysis to record fence type, terrain gradient, water involvement, combination status, contact point, frangible pin presence, activation, and outcomes. Associations were assessed using Chi square tests and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). However, rotational falls were proportionally less common following activation than at non frangible fences.

Most horse–fence contacts resulted in continuation of the round (96.7%), with falls occurring in 5.3% of contacts. Frangible devices were present on 15.45% of observable fences and activated in 11.56% of contacts at frangible fences. Pin activation was strongly associated with adverse outcomes, with significantly increased odds of any horse fall compared with no activation (OR = 22.64, 95% CI 3.42–150.70; p = 0.001).

Terrain gradient and water involvement were not significantly associated with collision outcomes. Combination fences carried significantly higher odds of a fall compared with single fences (OR = 5.59, 95% CI 1.83–17.07; p = 0.002). Forelimb and body impacts were significantly more likely to result in pin activation than hindlimb contact. Frangible pins activate primarily during high energy impacts and appear to reduce fall severity rather than prevent falls altogether. Strategic placement and continued refinement of frangible devices, particularly at higher risk fence configurations, may further enhance cross country safety.